In addition to the helpful comments of ferdnyc and dario: A few weeks ago I've set up a new W11 using PHP 8.1. (as a module) with Apache. It was working fine.
Today i wanted to install the PECL-extension php-amqp. This extension comes with two additional files that are said to be placed in PHPs main directory. It worked fine running from the command prompt but with Apache the extension failed with "Unable to load dynamic library 'amqp'".
I tried 100 ways to notate paths in php.ini and http.conf: c:, C:, \, \\, /, ". I also installed a new PHP in the root to get rid of the space in the path. It did not help.
When reading dario's comment i stumbeled across him mentioning "path environment variable". I checked that in Window's settings and I realized, that i had added PHP's path to the USER'S path-settings, but not to the SYSTEM'S path. That is why it worked in the command prompt but not when starting Apache as a service. After adding it there it worked fine.