PHP 8.3.4 Released!

基础

PHP 中的变量用一个美元符号后面跟变量名来表示。变量名是区分大小写的。

变量名与 PHP 中其它的标签一样遵循相同的规则。一个有效的变量名由字母或者下划线开头,后面跟上任意数量的字母,数字,或者下划线。 按照正常的正则表达式,它将被表述为:'^[a-zA-Z_\x80-\xff][a-zA-Z0-9_\x80-\xff]*$'。

注意: 在此所说的字母是 a-z,A-Z,以及 ASCII 字符从 128 到 255(0x80-0xff)。

注意: $this 是一个特殊的变量,它不能被赋值。 PHP 7.1.0 之前,间接赋值(例如通过使用可变变量)是可能的。

小技巧

请参见用户空间命名指南

有关变量的函数信息见变量函数

<?php
$var
= 'Bob';
$Var = 'Joe';
echo
"$var, $Var"; // 输出 "Bob, Joe"

$4site = 'not yet'; // 非法变量名;以数字开头
$_4site = 'not yet'; // 合法变量名;以下划线开头
$i站点is = 'mansikka'; // 合法变量名;可以用中文
?>

变量默认总是传值赋值。那也就是说,当将一个表达式的值赋予一个变量时,整个原始表达式的值被赋值到目标变量。这意味着,例如,当一个变量的值赋予另外一个变量时,改变其中一个变量的值,将不会影响到另外一个变量。有关这种类型的赋值操作,请参阅表达式一章。

PHP 也提供了另外一种方式给变量赋值:引用赋值。这意味着新的变量简单的引用(换言之,“成为其别名” 或者 “指向”)了原始变量。改动新的变量将影响到原始变量,反之亦然。

使用引用赋值,简单地将一个 & 符号加到将要赋值的变量前(源变量)。例如,下列代码片断将输出“My name is Bob”两次:

<?php
$foo
= 'Bob'; // 将 'Bob' 赋给 $foo
$bar = &$foo; // 通过 $bar 引用 $foo
$bar = "My name is $bar"; // 修改 $bar 变量
echo $bar;
echo
$foo; // $foo 的值也被修改
?>

有一点重要事项必须指出,那就是只有有名字的变量才可以引用赋值。

<?php
$foo
= 25;
$bar = &$foo; // 合法的赋值
$bar = &(24 * 7); // 非法; 引用没有名字的表达式

function test()
{
return
25;
}

$bar = &test(); // 非法
?>

虽然在 PHP 中并不需要初始化变量,但对变量进行初始化是个好习惯。未初始化的变量具有其类型的默认值 - 布尔类型的变量默认值是 false,整形和浮点型变量默认值是零,字符串型变量(例如用于 echo 中)默认值是空字符串以及数组变量的默认值是空数组。

示例 #1 未初始化变量的默认值

<?php
// 未设置和未引用(不使用上下文)的变量;输出 NULL
var_dump($unset_var);

// Boolean 用法;输出 'false' (See ternary operators for more on this syntax)
echo $unset_bool ? "true\n" : "false\n";

// String 用法;输出 'string(3) "abc"'
$unset_str .= 'abc';
var_dump($unset_str);

// Integer 用法;输出 'int(25)'
$unset_int += 25; // 0 + 25 => 25
var_dump($unset_int);

// Float 用法;输出 'float(1.25)'
$unset_float += 1.25;
var_dump($unset_float);

// Array 用法;输出 array(1) { [3]=> string(3) "def" }
$unset_arr[3] = "def"; // array() + array(3 => "def") => array(3 => "def")
var_dump($unset_arr);

// Object 用法:创建新 stdClass 对象 (see http://www.php.net/manual/en/reserved.classes.php)
// Outputs: object(stdClass)#1 (1) { ["foo"]=> string(3) "bar" }
$unset_obj->foo = 'bar';
var_dump($unset_obj);
?>

依赖未初始化变量的默认值在某些情况下会有问题,例如把一个文件包含到另一个之中时碰上相同的变量名。 使用未初始化的变量会发出 E_WARNING (在 PHP 8.0.0 之前是 E_NOTICE) 错误,但是在向一个未初始化的数组附加单元时不会。isset() 语言结构可以用来检测一个变量是否已被初始化。

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User Contributed Notes 2 notes

up
74
jeff dot phpnet at tanasity dot com
13 years ago
This page should include a note on variable lifecycle:

Before a variable is used, it has no existence. It is unset. It is possible to check if a variable doesn't exist by using isset(). This returns true provided the variable exists and isn't set to null. With the exception of null, the value a variable holds plays no part in determining whether a variable is set.

Setting an existing variable to null is a way of unsetting a variable. Another way is variables may be destroyed by using the unset() construct.

<?php
print isset($a); // $a is not set. Prints false. (Or more accurately prints ''.)
$b = 0; // isset($b) returns true (or more accurately '1')
$c = array(); // isset($c) returns true
$b = null; // Now isset($b) returns false;
unset($c); // Now isset($c) returns false;
?>

is_null() is an equivalent test to checking that isset() is false.

The first time that a variable is used in a scope, it's automatically created. After this isset is true. At the point at which it is created it also receives a type according to the context.

<?php
$a_bool
= true; // a boolean
$a_str = 'foo'; // a string
?>

If it is used without having been given a value then it is uninitalized and it receives the default value for the type. The default values are the _empty_ values. E.g Booleans default to FALSE, integers and floats default to zero, strings to the empty string '', arrays to the empty array.

A variable can be tested for emptiness using empty();

<?php
$a
= 0; //This isset, but is empty
?>

Unset variables are also empty.

<?php
empty($vessel); // returns true. Also $vessel is unset.
?>

Everything above applies to array elements too.

<?php
$item
= array();
//Now isset($item) returns true. But isset($item['unicorn']) is false.
//empty($item) is true, and so is empty($item['unicorn']

$item['unicorn'] = '';
//Now isset($item['unicorn']) is true. And empty($item) is false.
//But empty($item['unicorn']) is still true;

$item['unicorn'] = 'Pink unicorn';
//isset($item['unicorn']) is still true. And empty($item) is still false.
//But now empty($item['unicorn']) is false;
?>

For arrays, this is important because accessing a non-existent array item can trigger errors; you may want to test arrays and array items for existence with isset before using them.
up
17
anisgazig at gmail dot com
3 years ago
clear concept of variable declaration rules and classification

variable declaration rules:

1.start with dollar sign($)
2.first letter of variable name comes from a-zA-z_
3.next letters of variable name comes from a-zA-Z0-9_
4.no space,no syntex

classification of variables:

Variable are mainly Two types
1.Predefined Variable
2.User Define Variable

Predefined Variable
There are 12 predefined variables in php 8
1.$GLOBALS
2.$_SERVER
3.$_REQUEST
4.$_FILES
5.$_ENV
6.$_SESSION
7.$_COOKIE
8.$_GET
9.$_POST
10.$http_response_header
11.$argc
12.$argv

User Define Variable
User Define variable are 3 types
1.variable scope
2.variable variables
3.reference variable

Variable Scope
variable scope are 3 types
1.local scope
2.global scope
3.static variable
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