Tabelle zu Typenvergleichen in PHP

Die folgenden Tabellen zeigen das Verhalten von Typen und Vergleichsoperatoren in PHP, sowohl für schwach und stark typisierte Vergleiche. Dieser Anhang steht im Zusammenhang mit dem Abschnitt zu Type juggling. Anregungen für diesen Abschnitt kamen aus verschiedenen Benutzerkommentaren und der Arbeit von » BlueShoes.

Bevor diese Tabellen verwendet werden ist es wichtig die Typen und ihre Bedeutungen zu verstehen. "42" ist zum Beispiel ein string, während 42 ein int ist. false ist ein bool, obwohl "false" ein string ist.

Hinweis:
HTML-Formulare übergeben keine integer, float oder boolesche Werte, sie übertragen strings. Um herauszufinden, ob ein string numerisch ist kann man is_numeric() verwenden.

Hinweis:
Wenn man einfach if ($x) verwendet, obwohl $x undefiniert ist, so wird ein Fehler der Stufe E_NOTICE erzeugt. Verwenden sie stattdessen empty() oder isset() und/oder initialisiere sie die verwendeten Variablen.

Hinweis:
Einige numerische Operationen können ein Ergebnis erzeugen, welches durch die Konstante NAN represäntiert wird. Jeder schwach oder stark typisierte Vergleich dieses Wertes mit beliebigen anderen Werten, einschließlich der Konstante selbst, außer mit true, wird false ergeben (d.h. NAN != NAN und NAN !== NAN). Beispiele für Operationen, die NAN ergeben sind u.a. sqrt(-1), asin(2), und acosh(0).

**Vergleiche von `$x` mittels PHP-Funktionen**
Ausdruck	gettype()	empty()	is_null()	isset()	bool : `if($x)`
`$x = "";`	string	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`$x = null;`	NULL	`true`	`true`	`false`	`false`
`var $x;`	NULL	`true`	`true`	`false`	`false`
`$x` ist undefiniert	NULL	`true`	`true`	`false`	`false`
`$x = [];`	array	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`$x = ['a', 'b'];`	array	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = false;`	bool	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`$x = true;`	bool	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = 1;`	int	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = 42;`	int	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = 0;`	int	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`$x = -1;`	int	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = "1";`	string	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = "0";`	string	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`$x = "-1";`	string	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = "php";`	string	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = "true";`	string	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`
`$x = "false";`	string	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`

**Typschwache Vergleiche mittels `==`**
	`true`	`false`	`1`	`0`	`-1`	`"1"`	`"0"`	`"-1"`	`null`	`[]`	`"php"`	`""`
`true`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`true`	`false`	`true`
`1`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`0`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`*	`false`*
`-1`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`"1"`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`"0"`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`"-1"`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`null`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`	`false`	`true`
`[]`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`true`	`false`	`false`
`"php"`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`*	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`""`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`*	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`true`

* vor PHP 8.0.0 true.

**Typstarke Vergleiche mittels `===`**
	`true`	`false`	`1`	`0`	`-1`	`"1"`	`"0"`	`"-1"`	`null`	`[]`	`"php"`	`""`
`true`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`1`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`0`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`-1`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`"1"`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`"0"`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`"-1"`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`null`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`	`false`
`[]`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`	`false`
`"php"`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`	`false`
`""`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`false`	`true`

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User Contributed Notes 8 notes

down

php at benizi dot com ¶

14 years ago

It's interesting to note that 'empty()' and 'boolean : if($x)'
are paired as logical opposites, as are 'is_null()' and 'isset()'.

down

Jan ¶

19 years ago

Note that php comparison is not transitive:

"php" == 0 => true
0 == null => true
null == "php" => false

down

frank ¶

17 years ago

A comparison table for <=,<,=>,> would be nice...
Following are TRUE (tested PHP4&5):
NULL <= -1
NULL <= 0
NULL <= 1
!(NULL >= -1)
NULL >= 0
!(NULL >= 1)
That was a surprise for me (and it is not like SQL, I would like to have the option to have SQL semantics with NULL...).

down

Jeroen ¶

1 year ago

Be aware of the difference between checking the *value* of an array item, and checking the *existence* of an array item:
<?php
$arr = [ 
  'x' => 0,
  'y' => null,
];

isset($arr['x']); // true, same as isset(0)
isset($arr['y']); // false, same as isset(null)

array_key_exists('y', $arr); // true, though the value is null
array_key_exists('z', $arr); // false

down

edgar at goodforall dot eu ¶

15 years ago

Some function to write out your own comparisson table in tsv format. Can be easily modified to add more testcases and/or binary functions. It will test all comparables against each other with all functions. 

<?php
$funcs = array(
        /* Testing equality */
        'eq' => '==',
        'ne' => '!=',
        'gt' => '>',
        'lt' => '<',
        'ne2' => '<>',
        'lte' => '<=',
        'gte' => '>=',
        /* Testing identity */
        'id' => '===',
        'nid' => '!=='
);
class Test {
        protected $a;
        public $b;
        public function __construct($a,$b){
                $this->a = $a;
                $this->b = $b;
        }
        public function getab(){
                return $this->a.",". $this->b;
        }

}
$tst1 = new Test(1,2);
$tst2 = new Test(1,2);
$tst3 = new Test(2,2);
$tst4 = new Test(1,1);

$arr1 = array(1,2,3);
$arr2 = array(2,3,4);
$arr3 = array('a','b','c','d');
$arr4 = array('a','b','c');
$arr5 = array();

$comp1 = array(
        'ints' => array(-1,0,1,2),
        'floats' => array(-1.1,0.0,1.1,2.0),
        'string' => array('str', 'str1', '', '1'),
        'bools' => array(true, false),
        'null' => array(null),
        'objects' => array($tst1,$tst2,$tst3,$tst4),
        'arrays' => array($arr1, $arr2, $arr3, $arr4, $arr5)
);
$fbody = array();

foreach($funcs as $name => $op){
        $fbody[$name] = create_function('$a,$b', 'return $a ' . $op . ' $b;');
}

$table = array(array('function', 'comp1', 'comp2', 'f comp1 comp2', 'type'));
/* Do comparisons */
$comp2  = array();
foreach($comp1 as $type => $val){
        $comp2[$type] = $val;
}

foreach($comp1 as $key1 => $val1){
        foreach($comp2 as $key2 => $val2){
                addTableEntry($key1, $key2, $val1, $val2);
        }
}
$out = '';
foreach($table as $row){
        $out .= sprintf("%-20s\t%-20s\t%-20s\t%-20s\t%-20s\n", $row[0], $row[1], $row[2], $row[3], $row[4]);
}

print $out;
exit;

function addTableEntry($n1, $n2, $comp1, $comp2){
        global $table, $fbody;
        foreach($fbody as $fname => $func){
                        foreach($comp1 as $val1){
  foreach($comp2 as $val2){
                                        $val = $func($val1,$val2);
                                                $table[] = array($fname, gettype($val1) . ' => ' . sprintval($val1), gettype($val2) .' => ' . sprintval($val2), gettype($val) . ' => ' . sprintval($val), gettype($val1) . "-" . gettype($val2) . '-' . $fname);
                                        }
                        }
        }
}

function sprintval($val){
        if(is_object($val)){
                return 'object-' . $val->getab();
        }
        if(is_array($val)){
                return implode(',', $val);
        }
        if(is_bool($val)){
                if($val){
                        return 'true';
                }
                return 'false';
        }
        return strval($val);
}

?>

down

blue dot hirano at gmail dot com ¶

10 years ago

The truth tables really ought to be colorized; they're very hard to read as they are right now (just big arrays of TRUE and FALSE).

Also, something to consider: clustering the values which compare similarly (like is done on qntm.org/equality) would make the table easier to read as well. (This can be done simply by hand by rearranging the order of headings to bring related values closer together).

down

jerryschwartz at comfortable dot com ¶

19 years ago

In some languages, a boolean is promoted to an integer (with a value of 1 or -1, typically) if used in an expression with an integer. I found that PHP has it both ways:

If you add a boolean with a value of true to an integer with a value of 3, the result will be 4 (because the boolean is cast as an integer).

On the other hand, if you test a boolean with a value of true for equality with an integer with a value of three, the result will be true (because the integer is cast as a boolean).

Surprisingly, at first glance, if you use either < or > as the comparison operator the result is always false (again, because the integer as cast as a boolean, and true is neither greater nor less than true).

down

-1

mark at theanti dot social ¶

6 years ago

There is also 0.0 which is not identical to 0.

  $x = 0.0; 
  gettype($x); // double
  empty($x); // true
  is_null($x); //false
  isset($x); // true
  is_numeric($x); // true
  $x ? true : false; // false
  $x == 0; // true
  $x == "0"; // true
  $x == "0.0"; // true
  $x == false; // true
  $x == null; // true
  $x === 0; // false
  $x === false; // false
  $x === null; // false
  $x === "0"; // false
  $x === "0.0"; // false

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