PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

declare

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

declare 文は、あるコードブロックの中に実行ディレクティブをセットするために使用します。declare の文法は他の制御構造と似ています。

declare (ディレクティブ)
    文

ディレクティブ の箇所で、セットされたdeclareブロックの挙動を指定することが出来ます。現在のところ、使用できるディレクティブは以下の3つだけです:

ディレクティブの処理は、ファイルをコンパイルする際に行われるので、ディレクティブの値として渡せるのは、リテラルだけとなります。変数や定数は、使えません。以下に例を示します。

<?php
// これは有効です
declare(ticks=1);

// これは無効です
const TICK_VALUE = 1;
declare(ticks=TICK_VALUE);
?>

declare ブロックの 文 の実行のされ方や実行時にどのような作用が起こるかについては ディレクティブ に何が指定されたかに依存します。

declare 文はグローバルスコープとしても使用され、それはそれ以降のコード上の全てにおいて影響します (しかし、declare を含むファイルがインクルードされた場合は、親ファイルにはその影響は及びません)。

<?php
// 以下は同じ意味です

// こうすることもできますし、
declare(ticks=1) {
    // ここにすべてのスクリプトを書きます
}

// こうすることもできます
declare(ticks=1);
// ここにすべてのスクリプトを書きます
?>

Ticks

tickとはdeclareブロックの実行中にパーサが N個の低レベル tick 可能な文を実行するごとに発生するイベントのことです。Nの値は declareブロックのディレクティブの箇所で ticks=Nのように指定します。

すべての文が tick 可能なわけではありません。たとえば条件式や引数式などは tick できません。

tickごとに発生させるイベントはregister_tick_function() を使用して指定します。詳細は以下の例を参照ください。1回のtickで複数のイベントが起こり得ることに注意してください。

例1 Tick の使用例

<?php

declare(ticks=1);

// tick イベントごとにコールされる関数
function tick_handler()
{
    echo "tick_handler() called\n";
}

register_tick_function('tick_handler'); // tick イベント発生

$a = 1; // tick イベント発生

if ($a > 0) {
    $a += 2;   // tick イベント発生
    print $a; // tick イベント発生
}

?>

register_tick_function() および unregister_tick_function() も参照ください。

Encoding

スクリプトのエンコーディングをスクリプトごとに指定するには encoding ディレクティブを使用します。

例2 スクリプトのエンコーディングの宣言

<?php
declare(encoding='ISO-8859-1');
// ここにコードを書きます
?>

警告

名前空間と組み合わせて使用する場合、使用できる形式は declare(encoding='...'); のみです。... にエンコーディングを指定します。declare(encoding='...') {} は、名前空間と組み合わせるとパースエラーとなります。

zend.script_encoding も参照ください。

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User Contributed Notes 10 notes

down

Anonymous ¶

14 years ago

It's amazing how many people didn't grasp the concept here. Note the wording in the documentation. It states that the tick handler is called every n native execution cycles. That means native instructions, not including system calls (i'm guessing). This can give you a very good idea if you need to optimize a particular part of your script, since you can measure quite effectively how many native instructions are in your actual code.

A good profiler would take that into account, and force you, the developer, to include calls to the profiler as you're entering and leaving every function. That way you'd be able to keep an eye on how many cycles it took each function to complete. Independent of time.

That is extremely powerful, and not to be underestimated. A good solution would allow aggregate stats, so the total time in a function would be counted, including inside called functions.

down

Kubo2 ¶

9 years ago

Note that in PHP 7 <?php declare(encoding='...'); ?> throws an E_WARNING if Zend Multibyte is turned off.

down

sawyerrken at gmail dot com ¶

11 years ago

In the following example:

<?php
function handler(){
    print "hello <br />";
}

register_tick_function("handler");

declare(ticks = 1){
    $b = 2;
} //closing curly bracket tickable
?>

"Hello" will be displayed twice because the closing curly bracket is also tickable. 

One may wonder why the opening curly bracket is not tickable if the closing is tickable. This is because the instruction for PHP to start ticking is given by the opening curly bracket so the ticking starts immediately after it.

down

digitalaudiorock at gmail dot com ¶

5 years ago

Regarding my previous comment as to the change in scope of declare(ticks=1) between 5.6 and 7.x, I intended to mention another example of the affect this can have on signal handlers:

If your script uses declare(ticks=1) and assigns handlers, in 5.6 signals will get caught and call the handler even when the code that is running is in an included file (where the included file doesn't have the declaration). However in 7.x the signal wouldn't get caught until the code returns to the main script.

The best solution to that is to use pcntl_async_signals(true) when it's available, which will allow the signals to get caught regardless of what file the code happens to be in.

down

digitalaudiorock at gmail dot com ¶

5 years ago

A few important things to note for anyone using this in conjunction with signal handlers:

If anyone is trying to optionally use either pcntl_async_signals() when available (PHP >= 7.1) or ticks for older versions, this is not possible...at least not in a way that does NOT enable ticks for newer PHP versions. This is because there is simply no way to conditionally declare ticks. For example, the following will "work" but not in the way you might expect:

<?php
if (function_exists('pcntl_async_signals')) {
    pcntl_async_signals(true);
} else {
    declare(ticks=1);
}
?>

While signal handlers will work with this for old and new version, ticks WILL be enabled even in the case where pcntl_async_signals exists, simply because the declare statement exists. So the above is functionally equivalent to:

<?php
if (function_exists('pcntl_async_signals')) pcntl_async_signals(true);
declare(ticks=1);
?>

Another thing to be aware of is that the scoping of this declaration changed a bit from PHP 5.6 to 7.x...actually it was corrected apparently as noted here:

http://php.net/manual/en/function.register-tick-function.php#121204

This can cause some very confusing behavior. One example is with the pear/System_Daemon module. With PHP 5.6 that will work with a SIGTERM handler even if the script using it doesn't itself use declare(ticks=1), but does not work in PHP 7 unless the script itself has the declaration. Not only does the handler not get called, but the signal does nothing at all, and the script doesn't exit.

A side note regarding ticks that's annoyed me for some time: As if there wasn't enough confusion around all this, the Internet is full of false rumors that ticks were deprecated and are being removed, and I believe they all started here:

http://www.hackingwithphp.com/4/21/0/the-declare-function-and-ticks

Despite a very obscure author's note at the very end of the page saying he got that wrong (that even I just noticed), the first very prominent sentence of the article still says this, and that page is near the top of any Google search.

down

php dot net at e-z dot name ¶

11 years ago

you can register multiple tick functions:

<?PHP
function a() { echo "a\n"; }
function b() { echo "b\n"; }

register_tick_function('a');
register_tick_function('b');
register_tick_function('b');
register_tick_function('b');

?>

will output on every tick:
a
b
b
b

down

ja2016 at wir dot pl ¶

7 years ago

Don't use uft-8 encoding with BOM. Then fatal error occurs ALWAYS. Substitute it with utf-8 without BOM.

---

*BOM*
<?php 
declare(strict_types=1);
//Fatal error: strict_types declaration must be the very first statement in the script

down

fok at nho dot com dot br ¶

21 years ago

This is a very simple example using ticks to execute a external script to show rx/tx data from the server

<?php

function traf(){
  passthru( './traf.sh' );
  echo "<br />\n";
  flush(); // keeps it flowing to the browser...
  sleep( 1 );
}

register_tick_function( "traf" );

declare( ticks=1 ){
  while( true ){}   // to keep it running...
}

?>

contents of traf.sh:
# Shows TX/RX for eth0 over 1sec
#!/bin/bash

TX1=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $9}'`
RX1=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $1}'`
sleep 1
TX2=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $9}'`
RX2=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $1}'`

echo -e "TX: $[ $TX2 - $TX1 ] bytes/s \t RX: $[ $RX2 - $RX1 ] bytes/s"
#--= the end. =--

down

markandrewslade at dontspamemeat dot gmail ¶

15 years ago

Note that the two methods for calling declare are not identical.

Method 1:

<?php
// Print "tick" with a timestamp and optional suffix.
function do_tick($str = '') {
    list($sec, $usec) = explode(' ', microtime());
    printf("[%.4f] Tick.%s\n", $sec + $usec, $str);
}
register_tick_function('do_tick');

// Tick once before declaring so we have a point of reference.
do_tick('--start--');

// Method 1
declare(ticks=1);
while(1) sleep(1);

/* Output:
[1234544435.7160] Tick.--start--
[1234544435.7161] Tick.
[1234544435.7162] Tick.
[1234544436.7163] Tick.
[1234544437.7166] Tick.
*/

?>

Method 2:
<?php
// Print "tick" with a timestamp and optional suffix.
function do_tick($str = '') {
    list($sec, $usec) = explode(' ', microtime());
    printf("[%.4f] Tick.%s\n", $sec + $usec, $str);
}
register_tick_function('do_tick');

// Tick once before declaring so we have a point of reference.
do_tick('--start--');

// Method 2
declare(ticks=1) {
    while(1) sleep(1);
}

/* Output: 
[1234544471.6486] Tick.--start--
[1234544472.6489] Tick.
[1234544473.6490] Tick.
[1234544474.6492] Tick.
[1234544475.6493] Tick.
*/
?>

Notice that when using {} after declare, do_tick wasn't auto-called until about 1 second after we entered the declare {} block.  However when not using the {}, do_tick was auto-called not once but twice immediately after calling declare();.

I'm assuming this is due to how PHP handles ticking internally.  That is, declare() without the {} seems to trigger more low-level instructions which in turn fires tick a few times (if ticks=1) in the act of declaring.

down

ohcc at 163 dot com ¶

4 years ago

It's possible to set directives at one time if every directive is supported.
<?php
    declare(strict_types=1, encoding='UTF-8');
?>

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