PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

declare

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

declare yapısı bir kod bloğunun çalıştırılması esnasında uygulanacak yönergeleri belirlemek için kullanılır. declare yapısının sözdizimi diğer akış denetim yapılarının söz dizimi ile benzerdir:

declare (yönerge)
    deyim

yönerge bölümü, declare bloğunun davranışını belirlemek için kullanılır. Şimdilik yalnızca üç yönerge kullanılabilmektedir:

Yönergeler dosya derlendikçe ele alındığından, sadece birebir değerler yönergelere değer olarak verilebilir. Değişkenler ve sabitler kullanılamaz. Örnek:

<?php
// Bu geçerlidir:
declare(ticks=1);

// Bu geçersizdir:
const TICK_VALUE = 1;
declare(ticks=TICK_VALUE);
?>

declare bloğunun deyim bölümünün nasıl çalıştırılacağı ve çalışma esnasındaki yan etkilerinin ne olacağı yönerge bölümünde belirtilen yönergeye bağlı olabilir.

declare bloğu kendinden sonra gelen tüm kodu etkilemesi için genel betik kapsamında da kullanılabilir. Bununla birlikte, declare bloğu dahil edilen bir dosyanın içindeyse ebeveyn dosya bundan etkilenmez.

<?php
// aşağıdaki iki örnek aynıdır:

// bunu kullanabilirsiniz:
declare(ticks=1) {
    // betiğin tamamı burada
}

// ya da bunu kullanabilirsiniz:
declare(ticks=1);
    // betiğin tamamı burada
?>

`Tikler`

Bir "tik", declare bloğu içersinde çözümleyici tarafından çalıştırılan her N tiklenebilir deyimde bir ortaya çıkan bir olaydır. N değeri, declare bloğunun yönerge bölümünde ticks=N kullanılarak belirtilir.

Her deyim tik sayımına dahil edilebilir değildir. Koşullu ifadeler ve bağımsız değişken ifadeleri bu tür deyimlerdendir.

Her tik ile oluşturulacak eylem register_tick_function() işlevi ile belirtilir. Daha ayrıntılı bilgi için aşağıdaki örneğe bakınız. Her tik için birden fazla olayın oluşabileceğini gözardı etmeyiniz.

Örnek 1 - Tik kullanım örneği

<?php

declare(ticks=1);

// Her tik deyimde bir çalıştırılacak işlev
function tik_eylemci()
{
    echo "tik_eylemci() çağrıldı\n" ;
}

// Tik eylemcisini belirtelim
register_tick_function("tik_eylemci"); //tik olayına sebep olur

$a = 1; //tik olayına sebep olur

if ($a > 0) {
        $a += 2; //tik olayına sebep olur
        print $a; //tik olayına sebep olur
}
?>

Ayrıca, register_tick_function() ve unregister_tick_function() işlevlerini de inceleyin.

`encoding`

Her betiğin karakter kodlaması betiğin başında encoding yönergesi ile belirtilebilir.

Örnek 2 - Betik için kodlama belirtmek

<?php
declare(encoding='ISO-8859-1');
// kodlar burada
?>

Dikkat

İsim alanları ile birlikte kullanıldığında, tek geçerli sözdizimi declare(encoding='...'); olup, buradaki ... kodlama değeridir. declare(encoding='...') {} sözdizimi isim alanları ile birlikte kullanıldığında bir çözümleme hatası ile sonuçlanacaktır.

Ayrıca bak: zend.script_encoding.

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User Contributed Notes 10 notes

down

Anonymous ¶

14 years ago

It's amazing how many people didn't grasp the concept here. Note the wording in the documentation. It states that the tick handler is called every n native execution cycles. That means native instructions, not including system calls (i'm guessing). This can give you a very good idea if you need to optimize a particular part of your script, since you can measure quite effectively how many native instructions are in your actual code.

A good profiler would take that into account, and force you, the developer, to include calls to the profiler as you're entering and leaving every function. That way you'd be able to keep an eye on how many cycles it took each function to complete. Independent of time.

That is extremely powerful, and not to be underestimated. A good solution would allow aggregate stats, so the total time in a function would be counted, including inside called functions.

down

Kubo2 ¶

9 years ago

Note that in PHP 7 <?php declare(encoding='...'); ?> throws an E_WARNING if Zend Multibyte is turned off.

down

sawyerrken at gmail dot com ¶

11 years ago

In the following example:

<?php
function handler(){
    print "hello <br />";
}

register_tick_function("handler");

declare(ticks = 1){
    $b = 2;
} //closing curly bracket tickable
?>

"Hello" will be displayed twice because the closing curly bracket is also tickable. 

One may wonder why the opening curly bracket is not tickable if the closing is tickable. This is because the instruction for PHP to start ticking is given by the opening curly bracket so the ticking starts immediately after it.

down

digitalaudiorock at gmail dot com ¶

5 years ago

Regarding my previous comment as to the change in scope of declare(ticks=1) between 5.6 and 7.x, I intended to mention another example of the affect this can have on signal handlers:

If your script uses declare(ticks=1) and assigns handlers, in 5.6 signals will get caught and call the handler even when the code that is running is in an included file (where the included file doesn't have the declaration). However in 7.x the signal wouldn't get caught until the code returns to the main script.

The best solution to that is to use pcntl_async_signals(true) when it's available, which will allow the signals to get caught regardless of what file the code happens to be in.

down

digitalaudiorock at gmail dot com ¶

5 years ago

A few important things to note for anyone using this in conjunction with signal handlers:

If anyone is trying to optionally use either pcntl_async_signals() when available (PHP >= 7.1) or ticks for older versions, this is not possible...at least not in a way that does NOT enable ticks for newer PHP versions. This is because there is simply no way to conditionally declare ticks. For example, the following will "work" but not in the way you might expect:

<?php
if (function_exists('pcntl_async_signals')) {
    pcntl_async_signals(true);
} else {
    declare(ticks=1);
}
?>

While signal handlers will work with this for old and new version, ticks WILL be enabled even in the case where pcntl_async_signals exists, simply because the declare statement exists. So the above is functionally equivalent to:

<?php
if (function_exists('pcntl_async_signals')) pcntl_async_signals(true);
declare(ticks=1);
?>

Another thing to be aware of is that the scoping of this declaration changed a bit from PHP 5.6 to 7.x...actually it was corrected apparently as noted here:

http://php.net/manual/en/function.register-tick-function.php#121204

This can cause some very confusing behavior. One example is with the pear/System_Daemon module. With PHP 5.6 that will work with a SIGTERM handler even if the script using it doesn't itself use declare(ticks=1), but does not work in PHP 7 unless the script itself has the declaration. Not only does the handler not get called, but the signal does nothing at all, and the script doesn't exit.

A side note regarding ticks that's annoyed me for some time: As if there wasn't enough confusion around all this, the Internet is full of false rumors that ticks were deprecated and are being removed, and I believe they all started here:

http://www.hackingwithphp.com/4/21/0/the-declare-function-and-ticks

Despite a very obscure author's note at the very end of the page saying he got that wrong (that even I just noticed), the first very prominent sentence of the article still says this, and that page is near the top of any Google search.

down

php dot net at e-z dot name ¶

11 years ago

you can register multiple tick functions:

<?PHP
function a() { echo "a\n"; }
function b() { echo "b\n"; }

register_tick_function('a');
register_tick_function('b');
register_tick_function('b');
register_tick_function('b');

?>

will output on every tick:
a
b
b
b

down

ja2016 at wir dot pl ¶

7 years ago

Don't use uft-8 encoding with BOM. Then fatal error occurs ALWAYS. Substitute it with utf-8 without BOM.

---

*BOM*
<?php 
declare(strict_types=1);
//Fatal error: strict_types declaration must be the very first statement in the script

down

fok at nho dot com dot br ¶

21 years ago

This is a very simple example using ticks to execute a external script to show rx/tx data from the server

<?php

function traf(){
  passthru( './traf.sh' );
  echo "<br />\n";
  flush(); // keeps it flowing to the browser...
  sleep( 1 );
}

register_tick_function( "traf" );

declare( ticks=1 ){
  while( true ){}   // to keep it running...
}

?>

contents of traf.sh:
# Shows TX/RX for eth0 over 1sec
#!/bin/bash

TX1=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $9}'`
RX1=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $1}'`
sleep 1
TX2=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $9}'`
RX2=`cat /proc/net/dev | grep "eth0" | cut -d: -f2 | awk '{print $1}'`

echo -e "TX: $[ $TX2 - $TX1 ] bytes/s \t RX: $[ $RX2 - $RX1 ] bytes/s"
#--= the end. =--

down

markandrewslade at dontspamemeat dot gmail ¶

15 years ago

Note that the two methods for calling declare are not identical.

Method 1:

<?php
// Print "tick" with a timestamp and optional suffix.
function do_tick($str = '') {
    list($sec, $usec) = explode(' ', microtime());
    printf("[%.4f] Tick.%s\n", $sec + $usec, $str);
}
register_tick_function('do_tick');

// Tick once before declaring so we have a point of reference.
do_tick('--start--');

// Method 1
declare(ticks=1);
while(1) sleep(1);

/* Output:
[1234544435.7160] Tick.--start--
[1234544435.7161] Tick.
[1234544435.7162] Tick.
[1234544436.7163] Tick.
[1234544437.7166] Tick.
*/

?>

Method 2:
<?php
// Print "tick" with a timestamp and optional suffix.
function do_tick($str = '') {
    list($sec, $usec) = explode(' ', microtime());
    printf("[%.4f] Tick.%s\n", $sec + $usec, $str);
}
register_tick_function('do_tick');

// Tick once before declaring so we have a point of reference.
do_tick('--start--');

// Method 2
declare(ticks=1) {
    while(1) sleep(1);
}

/* Output: 
[1234544471.6486] Tick.--start--
[1234544472.6489] Tick.
[1234544473.6490] Tick.
[1234544474.6492] Tick.
[1234544475.6493] Tick.
*/
?>

Notice that when using {} after declare, do_tick wasn't auto-called until about 1 second after we entered the declare {} block.  However when not using the {}, do_tick was auto-called not once but twice immediately after calling declare();.

I'm assuming this is due to how PHP handles ticking internally.  That is, declare() without the {} seems to trigger more low-level instructions which in turn fires tick a few times (if ticks=1) in the act of declaring.

down

ohcc at 163 dot com ¶

4 years ago

It's possible to set directives at one time if every directive is supported.
<?php
    declare(strict_types=1, encoding='UTF-8');
?>

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