PHP 8.3.4 Released!

Funzioni anonime

Le funzioni anonime, chiamate anche chiusure o closures, permettono la creazione di funzioni che non possiedono un nome. Sono molto utili come valore dei parametri callable, ma hanno molti altri utilizzi.

Le funzioni anonime sono implementate usando la classe Closure.

Example #1 Esempio di funzione anonima

<?php
echo preg_replace_callback('~-([a-z])~', function ($match) {
return
strtoupper($match[1]);
},
'hello-world');
// stampa helloWorld
?>

Le chiusure possono essere usate anche come valore di una variabile; il PHP converte automaticamente queste espressioni in istanze della classe interna Closure. L'assegnazione di una chiusura a una variabile usa la stessa sintassi di un qualsiasi altro assegnazione, incluso il punto e virgola alla fine:

Example #2 Esempio di assegnazione di funzione anonima

<?php
$greet
= function($name)
{
printf("Hello %s\r\n", $name);
};

$greet('World');
$greet('PHP');
?>

Le chiusure possono anche ereditare le variabili dal contesto del genitore. Ognuna di queste variabili deve essere passata al costrutto del linguaggio use. A partire da PHP 7.1, queste variabili non devono includere superglobals, $this, o variabili con lo stesso nome di un parametro. Una dichiarazione del tipo di ritorno della funzione deve essere posta dopo la clausola use.

Example #3 Ereditare variabili dal contesto del genitore

<?php
$message
= 'hello';

// Nessun "use"
$example = function () {
var_dump($message);
};
$example();

// Eredita $message
$example = function () use ($message) {
var_dump($message);
};
$example();

// Il valore della variabile ereditata è da quando la funzione
// è definita, non quando chiamata
$message = 'world';
$example();

// Resetta il messaggio
$message = 'hello';

// Eredita per riferimento
$example = function () use (&$message) {
var_dump($message);
};
$example();

// Il valore cambiato nel contesto del genitore
// è riflesso all'interno della chiamata della funzione
$message = 'world';
$example();

// Le closure possono anche accettare argomenti regolari
$example = function ($arg) use ($message) {
var_dump($arg . ' ' . $message);
};
$example("hello");

// La dichiarazione del tipo di ritorno viene dopo la clausola use
$example = function () use ($message): string {
return
"hello $message";
};
var_dump($example());
?>

Il precedente esempio visualizzerà qualcosa simile a:

Notice: Undefined variable: message in /example.php on line 6
NULL
string(5) "hello"
string(5) "hello"
string(5) "hello"
string(5) "world"
string(11) "hello world"
string(11) "hello world"

A partire da PHP 8.0.0, l'elenco delle variabili ereditate dallo scope può includere una virgola finale, che verrà ignorata.

Ereditare le variabili dall'ambito genitore non è la stessa cosa che usare variabili globali. Le variabili globali esistono nell'ambito globale, che è lo stesso, indipendentemente da quale funzione è in esecuzione. L'ambito genitore di una chiusura è la funzione nella quale la chiusura è stata dichiarata (non necessariamente la funzione da cui è stata chiamata). Si veda l'esempio seguente:

Example #4 Chiusure e ambiti di visibilità

<?php
// Un semplice paniere che contiene una lista di prodotti aggiunti
// e la quantità di ciascun prodotto. Include un metodo che
// calcola il prezzo totale degli articoli nel paniere utilizzando
// una chiusura come callback.
class Cart
{
const
PRICE_BUTTER = 1.00;
const
PRICE_MILK = 3.00;
const
PRICE_EGGS = 6.95;

protected
$products = array();

public function
add($product, $quantity)
{
$this->products[$product] = $quantity;
}

public function
getQuantity($product)
{
return isset(
$this->products[$product]) ? $this->products[$product] :
FALSE;
}

public function
getTotal($tax)
{
$total = 0.00;

$callback =
function (
$quantity, $product) use ($tax, &$total)
{
$pricePerItem = constant(__CLASS__ . "::PRICE_" .
strtoupper($product));
$total += ($pricePerItem * $quantity) * ($tax + 1.0);
};

array_walk($this->products, $callback);
return
round($total, 2);
}
}

$my_cart = new Cart;

// Aggiunta di un elemento nel paniere
$my_cart->add('butter', 1);
$my_cart->add('milk', 3);
$my_cart->add('eggs', 6);

// Stampa del totale con una tassa aggiuntiva del 5%.
print $my_cart->getTotal(0.05) . "\n";
// The result is 54.29
?>

Example #5 Binding automatico di $this

<?php

class Test
{
public function
testing()
{
return function() {
var_dump($this);
};
}
}

$object = new Test;
$function = $object->testing();
$function();

?>

Il precedente esempio visualizzerà:

object(Test)#1 (0) {
}

Quando dichiarata all'interno del contesto di una classe, la classe corrente è automaticamente legata ad essa, rendendo $this disponibile all'interno dello scope di una funzione. Se questo binding automatico della classe corrente non è voluto, allora possono essere invece usate le funzioni anonime statiche.

Funzioni anonime statiche

Le funzioni anonime possono essere dichiarate staticamente. Questo impedisce loro di avere la classe corrente automaticamente legata ad esse. Gli oggetti possono anche non essere legati a loro in fase di esecuzione.

Example #6 Tentativo di utilizzo di $this all'interno di una funzione anonima statica

<?php

class Foo
{
function
__construct()
{
$func = static function() {
var_dump($this);
};
$func();
}
};
new
Foo();

?>

Il precedente esempio visualizzerà:

Notice: Undefined variable: this in %s on line %d
NULL

Example #7 Tentativo di legare un oggetto ad una funzione anonima statica

<?php

$func
= static function() {
// function body
};
$func = $func->bindTo(new StdClass);
$func();

?>

Il precedente esempio visualizzerà:

Warning: Cannot bind an instance to a static closure in %s on line %d

Log delle modifiche

Versione Descrizione
7.1.0 Le funzioni anonime non possono catturare superglobals, $this, o qualsiasi variabile con lo stesso nome di un parametro nel contesto in cui sono definite.

Note

Nota: È possibile usare func_num_args(), func_get_arg() e func_get_args() all'interno di una chiusura.

add a note

User Contributed Notes 18 notes

up
314
orls
13 years ago
Watch out when 'importing' variables to a closure's scope -- it's easy to miss / forget that they are actually being *copied* into the closure's scope, rather than just being made available.

So you will need to explicitly pass them in by reference if your closure cares about their contents over time:

<?php
$result
= 0;

$one = function()
{
var_dump($result); };

$two = function() use ($result)
{
var_dump($result); };

$three = function() use (&$result)
{
var_dump($result); };

$result++;

$one(); // outputs NULL: $result is not in scope
$two(); // outputs int(0): $result was copied
$three(); // outputs int(1)
?>

Another less trivial example with objects (what I actually tripped up on):

<?php
//set up variable in advance
$myInstance = null;

$broken = function() uses ($myInstance)
{
if(!empty(
$myInstance)) $myInstance->doSomething();
};

$working = function() uses (&$myInstance)
{
if(!empty(
$myInstance)) $myInstance->doSomething();
}

//$myInstance might be instantiated, might not be
if(SomeBusinessLogic::worked() == true)
{
$myInstance = new myClass();
}

$broken(); // will never do anything: $myInstance will ALWAYS be null inside this closure.
$working(); // will call doSomething if $myInstance is instantiated

?>
up
33
erolmon dot kskn at gmail dot com
8 years ago
<?php
/*
(string) $name Name of the function that you will add to class.
Usage : $Foo->add(function(){},$name);
This will add a public function in Foo Class.
*/
class Foo
{
public function
add($func,$name)
{
$this->{$name} = $func;
}
public function
__call($func,$arguments){
call_user_func_array($this->{$func}, $arguments);
}
}
$Foo = new Foo();
$Foo->add(function(){
echo
"Hello World";
},
"helloWorldFunction");
$Foo->add(function($parameterone){
echo
$parameterone;
},
"exampleFunction");
$Foo->helloWorldFunction(); /*Output : Hello World*/
$Foo->exampleFunction("Hello PHP"); /*Output : Hello PHP*/
?>
up
28
cHao
10 years ago
In case you were wondering (cause i was), anonymous functions can return references just like named functions can. Simply use the & the same way you would for a named function...right after the `function` keyword (and right before the nonexistent name).

<?php
$value
= 0;
$fn = function &() use (&$value) { return $value; };

$x =& $fn();
var_dump($x, $value); // 'int(0)', 'int(0)'
++$x;
var_dump($x, $value); // 'int(1)', 'int(1)'
up
14
dexen dot devries at gmail dot com
5 years ago
Every instance of a lambda has own instance of static variables. This provides for great event handlers, accumulators, etc., etc.

Creating new lambda with function() { ... }; expression creates new instance of its static variables. Assigning a lambda to a variable does not create a new instance. A lambda is object of class Closure, and assigning lambdas to variables has the same semantics as assigning object instance to variables.

Example script: $a and $b have separate instances of static variables, thus produce different output. However $b and $c share their instance of static variables - because $c is refers to the same object of class Closure as $b - thus produce the same output.

#!/usr/bin/env php
<?php

function generate_lambda() : Closure
{
# creates new instance of lambda
return function($v = null) {
static
$stored;
if (
$v !== null)
$stored = $v;
return
$stored;
};
}

$a = generate_lambda(); # creates new instance of statics
$b = generate_lambda(); # creates new instance of statics
$c = $b; # uses the same instance of statics as $b

$a('test AAA');
$b('test BBB');
$c('test CCC'); # this overwrites content held by $b, because it refers to the same object

var_dump([ $a(), $b(), $c() ]);
?>

This test script outputs:
array(3) {
[0]=>
string(8) "test AAA"
[1]=>
string(8) "test CCC"
[2]=>
string(8) "test CCC"
}
up
8
ayon at hyurl dot com
6 years ago
One way to call a anonymous function recursively is to use the USE keyword and pass a reference to the function itself:

<?php
$count
= 1;
$add = function($count) use (&$add){
$count += 1;
if(
$count < 10) $count = $add($count); //recursive calling
return $count;
};
echo
$add($count); //Will output 10 as expected
?>
up
7
jake dot tunaley at berkeleyit dot com
5 years ago
Beware of using $this in anonymous functions assigned to a static variable.

<?php
class Foo {
public function
bar() {
static
$anonymous = null;
if (
$anonymous === null) {
// Expression is not allowed as static initializer workaround
$anonymous = function () {
return
$this;
};
}
return
$anonymous();
}
}

$a = new Foo();
$b = new Foo();
var_dump($a->bar() === $a); // True
var_dump($b->bar() === $a); // Also true
?>

In a static anonymous function, $this will be the value of whatever object instance that method was called on first.

To get the behaviour you're probably expecting, you need to pass the $this context into the function.

<?php
class Foo {
public function
bar() {
static
$anonymous = null;
if (
$anonymous === null) {
// Expression is not allowed as static initializer workaround
$anonymous = function (self $thisObj) {
return
$thisObj;
};
}
return
$anonymous($this);
}
}

$a = new Foo();
$b = new Foo();
var_dump($a->bar() === $a); // True
var_dump($b->bar() === $a); // False
?>
up
14
a dot schaffhirt at sedna-soft dot de
14 years ago
When using anonymous functions as properties in Classes, note that there are three name scopes: one for constants, one for properties and one for methods. That means, you can use the same name for a constant, for a property and for a method at a time.

Since a property can be also an anonymous function as of PHP 5.3.0, an oddity arises when they share the same name, not meaning that there would be any conflict.

Consider the following example:

<?php
class MyClass {
const
member = 1;

public
$member;

public function
member () {
return
"method 'member'";
}

public function
__construct () {
$this->member = function () {
return
"anonymous function 'member'";
};
}
}

header("Content-Type: text/plain");

$myObj = new MyClass();

var_dump(MyClass::member); // int(1)
var_dump($myObj->member); // object(Closure)#2 (0) {}
var_dump($myObj->member()); // string(15) "method 'member'"
$myMember = $myObj->member;
var_dump($myMember()); // string(27) "anonymous function 'member'"
?>

That means, regular method invocations work like expected and like before. The anonymous function instead, must be retrieved into a variable first (just like a property) and can only then be invoked.

Best regards,
up
11
simon at generalflows dot com
12 years ago
<?php

/*
* An example showing how to use closures to implement a Python-like decorator
* pattern.
*
* My goal was that you should be able to decorate a function with any
* other function, then call the decorated function directly:
*
* Define function: $foo = function($a, $b, $c, ...) {...}
* Define decorator: $decorator = function($func) {...}
* Decorate it: $foo = $decorator($foo)
* Call it: $foo($a, $b, $c, ...)
*
* This example show an authentication decorator for a service, using a simple
* mock session and mock service.
*/

session_start();

/*
* Define an example decorator. A decorator function should take the form:
* $decorator = function($func) {
* return function() use $func) {
* // Do something, then call the decorated function when needed:
* $args = func_get_args($func);
* call_user_func_array($func, $args);
* // Do something else.
* };
* };
*/
$authorise = function($func) {
return function() use (
$func) {
if (
$_SESSION['is_authorised'] == true) {
$args = func_get_args($func);
call_user_func_array($func, $args);
}
else {
echo
"Access Denied";
}
};
};

/*
* Define a function to be decorated, in this example a mock service that
* need to be authorised.
*/
$service = function($foo) {
echo
"Service returns: $foo";
};

/*
* Decorate it. Ensure you replace the origin function reference with the
* decorated function; ie just $authorise($service) won't work, so do
* $service = $authorise($service)
*/
$service = $authorise($service);

/*
* Establish mock authorisation, call the service; should get
* 'Service returns: test 1'.
*/
$_SESSION['is_authorised'] = true;
$service('test 1');

/*
* Remove mock authorisation, call the service; should get 'Access Denied'.
*/
$_SESSION['is_authorised'] = false;
$service('test 2');

?>
up
8
derkontrollfreak+9hy5l at gmail dot com
10 years ago
Beware that since PHP 5.4 registering a Closure as an object property that has been instantiated in the same object scope will create a circular reference which prevents immediate object destruction:
<?php

class Test
{
private
$closure;

public function
__construct()
{
$this->closure = function () {
};
}

public function
__destruct()
{
echo
"destructed\n";
}
}

new
Test;
echo
"finished\n";

/*
* Result in PHP 5.3:
* ------------------
* destructed
* finished
*
* Result since PHP 5.4:
* ---------------------
* finished
* destructed
*/

?>

To circumvent this, you can instantiate the Closure in a static method:
<?php

public function __construct()
{
$this->closure = self::createClosure();
}

public static function
createClosure()
{
return function () {
};
}

?>
up
9
mail at mkharitonov dot net
10 years ago
Some comparisons of PHP and JavaScript closures.

=== Example 1 (passing by value) ===
PHP code:
<?php
$aaa
= 111;
$func = function() use($aaa){ print $aaa; };
$aaa = 222;
$func(); // Outputs "111"
?>

Similar JavaScript code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var func = (function(aaa){ return function(){ alert(aaa); } })(aaa);
aaa = 222;
func(); // Outputs "111"
</script>

Be careful, following code is not similar to previous code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var bbb = aaa;
var func = function(){ alert(bbb); };
aaa = 222;
func(); // Outputs "111", but only while "bbb" is not changed after function declaration

// And this technique is not working in loops:
var functions = [];
for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++)
{
var i2 = i;
functions.push(function(){ alert(i2); });
}
functions[0](); // Outputs "1", wrong!
functions[1](); // Outputs "1", ok
</script>

=== Example 2 (passing by reference) ===
PHP code:
<?php
$aaa
= 111;
$func = function() use(&$aaa){ print $aaa; };
$aaa = 222;
$func(); // Outputs "222"
?>

Similar JavaScript code:
<script type="text/javascript">
var aaa = 111;
var func = function(){ alert(aaa); };
aaa = 222; // Outputs "222"
func();
</script>
up
11
toonitw at gmail dot com
6 years ago
As of PHP 7.0, you can use IIFE(Immediately-invoked function expression) by wrapping your anonymous function with ().

<?php
$type
= 'number';
var_dump( ...( function() use ($type) {
if (
$type=='number') return [1,2,3];
else if (
$type=='alphabet') return ['a','b','c'];
} )() );
?>
up
12
john at binkmail dot com
7 years ago
PERFORMANCE BENCHMARK 2017!

I decided to compare a single, saved closure against constantly creating the same anonymous closure on every loop iteration. And I tried 10 million loop iterations, in PHP 7.0.14 from Dec 2016. Result:

a single saved closure kept in a variable and re-used (10000000 iterations): 1.3874590396881 seconds

new anonymous closure created each time (10000000 iterations): 2.8460240364075 seconds

In other words, over the course of 10 million iterations, creating the closure again during every iteration only added a total of "1.459 seconds" to the runtime. So that means that every creation of a new anonymous closure takes about 146 nanoseconds on my 7 years old dual-core laptop. I guess PHP keeps a cached "template" for the anonymous function and therefore doesn't need much time to create a new instance of the closure!

So you do NOT have to worry about constantly re-creating your anonymous closures over and over again in tight loops! At least not as of PHP 7! There is absolutely NO need to save an instance in a variable and re-use it. And not being restricted by that is a great thing, because it means you can feel free to use anonymous functions exactly where they matter, as opposed to defining them somewhere else in the code. :-)
up
6
rob at ubrio dot us
14 years ago
You can always call protected members using the __call() method - similar to how you hack around this in Ruby using send.

<?php

class Fun
{
protected function
debug($message)
{
echo
"DEBUG: $message\n";
}

public function
yield_something($callback)
{
return
$callback("Soemthing!!");
}

public function
having_fun()
{
$self =& $this;
return
$this->yield_something(function($data) use (&$self)
{
$self->debug("Doing stuff to the data");
// do something with $data
$self->debug("Finished doing stuff with the data.");
});
}

// Ah-Ha!
public function __call($method, $args = array())
{
if(
is_callable(array($this, $method)))
return
call_user_func_array(array($this, $method), $args);
}
}

$fun = new Fun();
echo
$fun->having_fun();

?>
up
8
kdelux at gmail dot com
13 years ago
Here is an example of one way to define, then use the variable ( $this ) in Closure functions. The code below explores all uses, and shows restrictions.

The most useful tool in this snippet is the requesting_class() function that will tell you which class is responsible for executing the current Closure().

Overview:
-----------------------
Successfully find calling object reference.
Successfully call $this(__invoke);
Successfully reference $$this->name;
Successfully call call_user_func(array($this, 'method'))

Failure: reference anything through $this->
Failure: $this->name = '';
Failure: $this->delfect();

<?php



function requesting_class()
{
foreach(
debug_backtrace(true) as $stack){
if(isset(
$stack['object'])){
return
$stack['object'];
}
}

}






class
Person
{
public
$name = '';
public
$head = true;
public
$feet = true;
public
$deflected = false;

function
__invoke($p){ return $this->$p; }
function
__toString(){ return 'this'; } // test for reference

function __construct($name){ $this->name = $name; }
function
deflect(){ $this->deflected = true; }

public function
shoot()
{
// If customAttack is defined, use that as the shoot resut. Otherwise shoot feet
if(is_callable($this->customAttack)){
return
call_user_func($this->customAttack);
}

$this->feet = false;
}
}

$p = new Person('Bob');


$p->customAttack =
function(){

echo
$this; // Notice: Undefined variable: this

#$this = new Class() // FATAL ERROR

// Trick to assign the variable '$this'
extract(array('this' => requesting_class())); // Determine what class is responsible for making the call to Closure

var_dump( $this ); // Passive reference works
var_dump( $$this ); // Added to class: function __toString(){ return 'this'; }

$name = $this('name'); // Success
echo $name; // Outputs: Bob
echo '<br />';
echo $
$this->name;

call_user_func_array(array($this, 'deflect'), array()); // SUCCESSFULLY CALLED

#$this->head = 0; //** FATAL ERROR: Using $this when not in object context
$$this->head = 0; // Successfully sets value

};

print_r($p);

$p->shoot();

print_r($p);


die();

?>
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5
mike at borft dot student dot utwente dot nl
12 years ago
Since it is possible to assign closures to class variables, it is a shame it is not possible to call them directly. ie. the following does not work:
<?php
class foo {

public
test;

public function
__construct(){
$this->test = function($a) {
print
"$a\n";
};
}
}

$f = new foo();

$f->test();
?>

However, it is possible using the magic __call function:
<?php
class foo {

public
test;

public function
__construct(){
$this->test = function($a) {
print
"$a\n";
};
}

public function
__call($method, $args){
if (
$this->{$method} instanceof Closure ) {
return
call_user_func_array($this->{$method},$args);
} else {
return
parent::__call($method, $args);
}
}
}
$f = new foo();
$f->test();
?>
it
Hope it helps someone ;)
up
3
Anonymous
14 years ago
If you want to check whether you're dealing with a closure specifically and not a string or array callback you can do this:

<?php
$isAClosure
= is_callable($thing) && is_object($thing);
?>
up
2
gabriel dot totoliciu at ddsec dot net
13 years ago
If you want to make a recursive closure, you will need to write this:

$some_var1="1";
$some_var2="2";

function($param1, $param2) use ($some_var1, $some_var2)
{

//some code here

call_user_func(__FUNCTION__, $other_param1, $other_param2);

//some code here

}

If you need to pass values by reference you should check out

http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.call-user-func.php
http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.call-user-func-array.php

If you're wondering if $some_var1 and $some_var2 are still visible by using the call_user_func, yes, they are available.
up
1
Hayley Watson
5 months ago
"If this automatic binding of the current class is not wanted, then static anonymous functions may be used instead. "

The main reason why you would not want automatic binding is that as long as the Closure object created for the anonymous function exists, it retains a reference to the object that spawned it, preventing the object from being destroyed, even if the object is no longer alive anywhere else in the program, and even if the function itself doesn't use $this.

<?php

class Foo
{
public function
__construct(private string $id)
{
echo
"Creating Foo " . $this->id, "\n";
}
public function
gimme_function()
{
return function(){};
}
public function
gimme_static_function()
{
return static function(){};
}
public function
__destruct()
{
echo
"Destroying Foo " . $this->id, "\n";
}
}

echo
"An object is destroyed as soon as its last reference is removed.\n";
$t = new Foo('Alice');
$t = new Foo('Bob'); // Causes Alice to be destroyed.
// Now destroy Bob.
unset($t);
echo
"---\n";

echo
"A non-static anonymous function retains a reference to the object which created it.\n";
$u = new Foo('Carol');
$ufn = $u->gimme_function();
$u = new Foo('Daisy'); // Does not cause Carol to be destroyed,
// because there is still a reference to
// it in the function held by $ufn.
unset($u); // Causes Daisy to be destroyed.
echo "---\n"; // Note that Carol hasn't been destroyed yet.

echo "A static anonymous function does not retain a reference to the object which created it.\n";
$v = new Foo('Eve');
$vfn = $v->gimme_static_function();
$v = new Foo('Farid'); // The function held by $vfn does not
// hold a reference to Eve, so Eve does get destroyed here.
unset($v); // Destroy Farid
echo "---\n";
// And then the program finishes, discarding any references to any objects still alive
// (specifically, Carol).
?>

Because $ufn survived to the end of the end of the program, Carol survived as well. $vfn also survived to the end of the program, but the function it contained was declared static, so didn't retain a reference to Eve.

Anonymous functions that retain references to otherwise-dead objects are therefore a potential source of memory leaks. If the function has no use for the object that spawned it, declaring it static prevents it from causing the object to outlive its usefulness.
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