Argomenti delle funzioni
Developers with a C background may expect pass by reference semantics for arrays. It may be surprising that pass by value is used for arrays just like scalars. Objects are implicitly passed by reference.
<?php
# (1) Objects are always passed by reference and returned by reference
class Obj {
public $x;
}
function obj_inc_x($obj) {
$obj->x++;
return $obj;
}
$obj = new Obj();
$obj->x = 1;
$obj2 = obj_inc_x($obj);
obj_inc_x($obj2);
print $obj->x . ', ' . $obj2->x . "\n";
# (2) Scalars are not passed by reference or returned as such
function scalar_inc_x($x) {
$x++;
return $x;
}
$x = 1;
$x2 = scalar_inc_x($x);
scalar_inc_x($x2);
print $x . ', ' . $x2 . "\n";
# (3) You have to force pass by reference and return by reference on scalars
function &scalar_ref_inc_x(&$x) {
$x++;
return $x;
}
$x = 1;
$x2 =& scalar_ref_inc_x($x); # Need reference here as well as the function sig
scalar_ref_inc_x($x2);
print $x . ', ' . $x2 . "\n";
# (4) Arrays use pass by value sematics just like scalars
function array_inc_x($array) {
$array{'x'}++;
return $array;
}
$array = array();
$array['x'] = 1;
$array2 = array_inc_x($array);
array_inc_x($array2);
print $array['x'] . ', ' . $array2['x'] . "\n";
# (5) You have to force pass by reference and return by reference on arrays
function &array_ref_inc_x(&$array) {
$array{'x'}++;
return $array;
}
$array = array();
$array['x'] = 1;
$array2 =& array_ref_inc_x($array); # Need reference here as well as the function sig
array_ref_inc_x($array2);
print $array['x'] . ', ' . $array2['x'] . "\n";
Valori restituiti
I valori vengono restituiti usando l'istruzione opzionale return. Può essere restituito qualsiasi tipo, incluse liste ed oggetti. Ciò provoca l'interruzione dell'esecuzione della funzione immediatamente e la restituzione del controllo alla linea da cui è stata chiamata. Vedere return per maggiori informazioni.
Nota:
Se return è omesso, verrà restituito il valore
NULL.
Example #1 Esempio di uso di return
<?php
function quadrato ($num)
{
return $num * $num;
}
echo quadrato(4); // L'output è '16'.
?>
Non possono essere restituiti valori multipli da una funzione, ma risultati simili possono essere ottenuti restituendo un array.
Example #2 Restituzione di un array per ottenere più valori
<?php
function numeri_piccoli()
{
return array (0, 1, 2);
}
list ($zero, $uno, $due) = numeri_piccoli();
?>
Per restituire un riferimento da una funzione, è necessario usare l'operatore di passaggio per riferimento & in entrambe le dichiarazioni di funzioni e quando viene assegnato il valore restituito ad una variabile:
Example #3 Restituzione di un riferimento ad una funzione
<?php
function &restituisce_riferimento()
{
return $un_riferimento;
}
$nuovo_riferimento =& restituisce_riferimento();
?>
Per maggiori informazioni sui riferimenti, consultare References Explained.
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User Contributed Notes
Valori restituiti - [6 notes]
rstaveley at seseit dot com ¶
2 years ago
ian at NO_SPAM dot verteron dot net ¶
10 years ago
In reference to the poster above, an additional (better?) way to return multiple values from a function is to use list(). For example:
function fn($a, $b)
{
# complex stuff
return array(
$a * $b,
$a + $b,
);
}
list($product, $sum) = fn(3, 4);
echo $product; # prints 12
echo $sum; # prints 7
bgalloway at citycarshare dot org ¶
5 years ago
Be careful about using "do this thing or die()" logic in your return lines. It doesn't work as you'd expect:
<?php
function myfunc1() {
return('thingy' or die('otherthingy'));
}
function myfunc2() {
return 'thingy' or die('otherthingy');
}
function myfunc3() {
return('thingy') or die('otherthingy');
}
function myfunc4() {
return 'thingy' or 'otherthingy';
}
function myfunc5() {
$x = 'thingy' or 'otherthingy'; return $x;
}
echo myfunc1(). "\n". myfunc2(). "\n". myfunc3(). "\n". myfunc4(). "\n". myfunc5(). "\n";
?>
Only myfunc5() returns 'thingy' - the rest return 1.
nick at itomic.com ¶
9 years ago
Functions which return references, may return a NULL value. This is inconsistent with the fact that function parameters passed by reference can't be passed as NULL (or in fact anything which isnt a variable).
i.e.
<?php
function &testRet()
{
return NULL;
}
if (testRet() === NULL)
{
echo "NULL";
}
?>
parses fine and echoes NULL
Anonymous ¶
2 years ago
As of at least PHP 5.3, a function or class method returning an object acts like an object.
<?php
class A {
function test() {
echo "Yay!";
}
}
function get_obj() {
return new A();
}
get_obj()->test(); // "Yay!"
?>
Sorry, still doesn't work with arrays. Ie <?php echo get_array()[1]; ?> fails.
devinemke at yahoo dot com ¶
10 years ago
A function can only return one value, but that value can be an array or other compound value. If you want to just define several variables into the global scope within your function you can do two things:
1. return an array from your function and then run the extract() function
$result_array = test ();
extract ($result_array);
2. Or you can just append the variables to the $GLOBALS array:
$array = array ('first' => 'john', 'middle' => 'q', 'last' => 'public');
function upper_case () {
global $array;
foreach ($array as $key => $value)
{
$GLOBALS[$key] = strtoupper ($value);
}
}
upper_case ();
echo "$first $middle $last";
// returns JOHN Q PUBLIC
In this second example you can create multiple values without necessarily returning anything from the function. This may be handy for applying several functions (stripslashes, trim, etc..) accross all elements of $_POST or $_GET and then having all of the newly cleaned up variables extracted out for you.